Ī consortium formed by TEPCO (Tokyo Electric Power Co.) and NGK (NGK Insulators Ltd.) declared their interest in researching the NaS battery in 1983, and became the primary drivers behind the development of this type ever since. NaS batteries have been proposed for use in the high-temperature environment of Venus. An NaS battery for space use was successfully tested on the Space Shuttle mission STS-87 in 1997, but the batteries have not been used operationally in space. Insulator corrosion was a problem because they gradually became conductive, and the self-discharge rate increased.īecause of their high specific power, NaS batteries have been proposed for space applications. It used liquid sulfur for the positive electrode and a ceramic tube of beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE). It was the first alkali-metal commercial battery. The sodium–sulfur battery (NaS battery), along with the related lithium–sulfur battery employs cheap and abundant electrode materials. Research has investigated metal combinations with operating temperatures at 200 ☌ (390 ☏) and room temperature. This means that sodium-based batteries operate at temperatures between 245 and 350 ☌ (470 and 660 ☏). The melting point of sodium is 98 ☌ (208 ☏). In order to construct practical batteries, the sodium must be in liquid form. Sodium is attractive because of its high reduction potential of −2.71 volts, low weight, relative abundance, and low cost. Since the mid-1960s much development work has been undertaken on rechargeable batteries using sodium (Na) for the negative electrodes. The high price of gallium chloride was expected to keep the design from commercial use. Liquid sodium metal crosses a ceramic separator, reaching a mixture of liquid sodium iodide and gallium chloride, termed a "catholyte". Ī 2021 study reported stable operation of a cell operating at 230 ☏ (110 ☌) over 400 cycles. The same technology was studied by Argonne National Laboratories and other researchers in the 1980s for use in electric vehicles. They were used for ordnance applications (e.g., proximity fuzes) since WWII and later in nuclear weapons. When the technology reached the United States in 1946, it was immediately applied to replacing the troublesome liquid-based systems that had previously been used to power artillery proximity fuzes. This information was subsequently passed on to the United States Ordnance Development Division of the National Bureau of Standards. His work was reported in "The Theory and Practice of Thermal Cells". Afterwards, Erb was interrogated by British intelligence. None of these batteries entered field use during the war. Erb developed batteries for military applications, including the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2 rocket, and artillery fuzing systems. Thermal batteries originated during World War II when German scientist Georg Otto Erb developed the first practical cells using a salt mixture as an electrolyte.
2.2 Sodium–nickel chloride (Zebra) battery.
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